Air quality in Norway

What is the air quality forecast for Norway?

Officially known as The Kingdom of Norway, Norway is a Nordic country located on theScandinavian Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Oslo. In November 2020,the population was just over 5.3 million people.

In late 2020, Norway experienced “Good” air quality with a US AQI reading of just28. This is based on the recommendations of the World Health Organisation (WHO).

In 2019, Oslo achieved the WHO target figure of 10 µg/m³ for clean air for 10months of the year. For the remaining two months, the air was classified as“Good” with figures between 10 and 12 µg/m³.It also achieved the WHO target for the two previous years with levelsof 7.4 µg/m³ in 2017 and 8.2 µg/m³ in 2018.

What is the current state of air pollution in Norway?

Good air quality is very important for people's health and well-being. Most citiesin Norway are experiencing population growth and increased urbanisation, whichmay contribute to more pollution in the cities. In order to meet thesechallenges, there is a need for more knowledge about how we ensure sustainableurban development and good air quality in the years to come. However, everyyear, approximately 1,700 people in Norway die as a result of high levels of thefinest particulate matter, PM2.5, according to the European Environment Agency (EEA).

Norway is among the countries in Europe that have the lowest risk of premature deathas a result of local air pollution. Poor air quality leads to serious healthproblems in the population. Both national and local authorities have forseveral years actively worked to improve air quality in cities and towns. Themeasurements now show that the air in Norway's cities has improved.

In Norway, air pollution is far more prevalent during the cold winter months. Thisis partly due to the fact that this is when you have the highest emissions fromseveral sources, such as wood-burning, road dust from studded tyre use andexhaust emissions when using a cold engine in freezing temperatures. Inaddition, meteorological inversions occur which result in poorer dispersalconditions in winter. Years with many and long inversion periods will typicallydevelop higher pollution levels than years with few inversion episodes.

What are the main causes of air pollution in Norway?

Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) are the majorsubstances that contribute to local air pollution in Norwegian cities andtowns. Particulate matter is small airborne particles. Airborne dust can occurduring combustion, either in engines or stoves and fireplaces or come from roaddust from tyres, asphalt wear and brake pads and from exhaust emissions.Studded tyres are worse than standard tyres but are widely used in Scandinaviancountries that experience heavy snowfall in the winter months. Nitrogen dioxide(NO₂) occurs when oxygen and nitrogen in the air react with eachother during combustion at high temperatures, mainly during the combustion offossil fuels such as oil, diesel and gas. Long-distance pollution from other European countries also contributes.

What can be done to improve air quality in Norway?

In Norway, there are three different management goals for local air quality:legally binding limit values, air quality criteria and national goals for localair quality. The limit values in the Pollution Control Regulations shall ensurea minimum air quality level. The air quality criteria from the NationalInstitute of Public Health and the Norwegian Environment Agency indicate levelsthat are safe for everyone, including the most vulnerable groups in society.National goals are the government's future goals for air quality. In a reportpublished in 2020, the local agencies recommended a further tightening of the limit values from 2022.

Which city in Norway has the highest levels of air pollution?

In 2019 the most polluted city in Norway was Sarpsborg, Ostfold with a US AQI level of 42. Bodo, Nordland was the cleanest with a US AQI level of 16.

All Norwegian municipalities that measured air quality remained within the limit value for nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) in 2018.

All municipalities, except Elverum and Hamar, also remained below the limit valuefor particulate matter (PM10). These two municipalities broke the limit value for airborne dust for the first time.

What does the future hold with regards to air quality in Norway?

Through laws and regulations, the government ensures that the municipalities have the necessarytools needed to take care of the air quality for the residents. Recently, themunicipalities have received several ways of assistance. They can introducequeue pricing or increased tolls on days with high air pollution to discouragetraffic and therefore reduce it. Municipalities can now set environmentalrequirements for taxis and or set different toll rates according to how muchthe vehicles pollute. The Norwegian Environment Agency has also compiled anoverview of available measures to reduce emissions from wood-burning stoves.

Norway's aim is to reduce local air pollution so that general health is not harmed. Inaddition to the national targets for various pollutants in outdoor air, theauthorities have set minimum requirements for the quality of outdoor air topromote human health, but these minimum requirements, or limit values are regularly exceeded in several Norwegian cities.

Norway was convicted in the EFTA (European Free Trade Association) Court for violatingthe Air Quality Directive in 2015. Since then, several municipalities have madeconcerted efforts to improve the local air quality in their region. There wasalso an increase in municipalities that began to measure airborne dust.

These municipalities are recommended to take air quality into account when planningthe use of certain areas within their locality. It can be important for theconstruction of roads or the location of homes, industry and businesses.Guidelines have been drawn up for the treatment of air quality. These are staterecommendations for how air quality should be handled in the municipalities' spatial planning.

But even though road traffic is increasing and Norwegians are getting more cars,according to the Norwegian Environment Agency, there has generally been adecrease in emissions of nitrogen dioxide (NOx) in the last 30 years. Thelong-term measures of increasing the proportion of exhaust-free cars, reducingtraffic and facilitating cyclists and public transport may thus seem to yieldresults. In addition to the fact that there has been a significant reduction inemissions from heavy vehicles, as well as more electric and hybrid cars onNorwegian roads and lower emissions from passenger cars that use fossil fuels.

What are the effects on health by breathing Norway’s poor quality air?

People who are exposed to air pollution can become ill or their existing medicalproblem worsens. This primarily applies to diseases of the respiratory tractsuch as asthma, COPD and cardiovascular disease. There is also growing evidencethat air pollution can affect the nervous system and cause diseases such asdiabetes. All people can be affected by air pollution, but some groups are morevulnerable than others. Particularly vulnerable groups are those who arealready ill, pregnant women, children and the elderly. In addition, it can beunfortunate for foetal development that pregnant women breathe in polluted air.The health risks related to local air pollution depends on how high theconcentration of the polluting substances is and how long the exposure to the substances is.

How is technology helping people to monitor the air quality in Norway?

A new nationwide service shows the air quality of Norway in real-time, the restof the day and the next 24 hours. You can find out if there is little,moderate, high or very high air pollution where you live or stay. Additionally,vulnerable groups are able to receive health and activity advice. The servicehas been developed in collaboration between the Norwegian MeteorologicalInstitute, the Norwegian Public Roads Administration, the Norwegian Directorateof Health, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health and the Norwegian Environment Agency.

Excessive concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂)can be harmful to human health, but children, the elderly and people with existingrespiratory and cardiovascular problems are particularly vulnerable. "Airquality in Norway" therefore includes information on health effects andhealth advice for the population in general and for vulnerable groups in particular.

The health councils mean that people who are vulnerable to air pollution have theopportunity to adapt their activities depending on the different levels of airpollution. The notification service can thus contribute to reducing negative health effects in the population.

On the website, Air Quality in Norway high-resolution digital maps can be seen andyou can search and see the air condition today and two days ahead, visualizedwith different colours. Purple marks very high air pollution, red and yelloware high and moderate, while green is low.

It warns of fine (PM2.5) particulate matter and the sum of coarse and fineparticulate matter (PM10) which mainly originates from wood burning and roadtraffic, nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) from cars with internal combustionengines, and long-distance ground-level ozone (O₃).

Are electric cars the way forward in Norway?

No country in the world has more electric cars per capita than Norway. At the endof October 2019, more than 250,000 electric cars had been registered here,which corresponds to about nine per cent of the total Norwegian car fleet. Theelectric car Nissan Leaf was Norway's best-selling car in 2018. So far thisyear, the electric car Tesla Model 3 is Norway's best-selling electric car. Electriccars represent 43 per cent of new car sales in 2019, while 10 per cent of newcity buses are electric. In addition, there are a few cars (about 30) poweredby hydrogen. In October 2019, 3,742 new electric cars were registered.

First and foremost, exemptions from the traditionally high one-off taxes and value-addedtax make it economically advantageous to buy electric cars in Norway. Mostother European countries do not have similar taxes and thus do not have thesame opportunity to offer financial benefits when buying an electric car. Inaddition, electric cars have a number of advantages in traffic, they are exemptfrom tolls on national roads, and they also qualify for free or reduced ferryfees. In most city centres free parking is offered as a bonus. It is up tolocal authorities to decide whether they want to provide free passage of tollstations, use of public transport and free parking. A national rule has beenestablished which ensures that zero-emission cars do not pay more than half the price of the normal fare.

Looking to the future, it is intended that new passenger cars and light vans will bezero-emission vehicles (electric cars and hydrogen cars) from 2025. The sameyear as new city buses will be zero-emission vehicles or use biogas. By 2030,new heavier vans, 75 per cent of new long-distance buses and 50 per cent of newlorries will be zero-emission vehicles.

An important reason for the high sales of electric cars in Norway is that theyalso have good charging options. To date, the Norwegian authorities haveinvested around NOK 150 million in charging infrastructure, mainly throughsupport from ENOVA and Transnova. Until 1^st November 2019, 2,584charging stations have been established in Norway with a total of 14,737 charging points.

Together with electric cars, small electric vehicles, such as electric scooters are onthe increase. In Norway, there are different types of small electric vehicles.Examples are electric scooters, larger two-wheelers, smaller unicycles andstanding boards and electric skateboards. To qualify as a bicycle, the weightmust be less than 70 kilograms, it must be less than 120 cms long and narrowerthan 85 cms. They must also have a restrictor fitted which governs their speed.A maximum of 20 km/h is permitted for the vehicle to be still classed as abicycle. If any of these conditions are not met, then the vehicle will be prohibitedfrom pedestrianised areas and cycle tracks.

There is no age requirement for the use of small electric vehicles, and they can beused in the same areas as regular bicycles. There is also no requirement toregister the vehicle or take out liability insurance on it. It is not mandatoryto wear a bicycle helmet, but we encourage all cyclists to wear this.