Kualitas udara di Madrid

Is Madrid polluted?

About 3.2 million people call Madrid home—making the Spanish capital the country’s largest city in terms of population and urban area. In Madrid, the main air pollutants of concern are fine particulate matter, which describes airborne particles less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5), and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). Clogged streets and idling cars are the primary drivers of poor air quality in Madrid, road traffic alone can cause up to 90% of NO₂ concentrations in the city centre.¹ Madrid also struggles with PM2.5 concentrations that have exceeded World Health Organisation (WHO) targets. While the WHO recommends an average annual PM2.5 target of 10 µg/m³ or less, the average air quality in Madrid exceeded this target during three months in 2019. Traffic is also the primary source of PM2.5 pollution, specifically from diesel vehicles.² Madrid City Council estimates, on a typical weekday, 2.5 million cars and 0.9 million buses, taxis and delivery vehicles make a trip throughout the city.³

What are the health impacts of Madrid air pollution?

Even at low levels, Madrid air pollution causes significant health effects. Poor air quality can aggravate or cause respiratory problems such as asthma, increase risk of cardiovascular disease and lead to premature deaths. During 2020, excess PM2.5 and NO₂ concentrations caused an estimated 5,600 deaths in Madrid and burdened the city with about US $5.3 billion in healthcare costs.⁴ Throughout Spain, air pollution-related costs add up to 3.5% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).⁵

How bad is air pollution in Madrid?

Madrid’s air quality is among the worst in Spain for NO₂ pollution; the European Environment Agency’s latest report shows that in 2017 NO₂ concentrations in Madrid soared above annual (40 µg/m³) limits set by the EU.⁶ More broadly, Spain as a country has been singled out by the European Commission for repeated non-compliance with regulations.⁷ Limit values on ambient air quality are set by EU legislation for particulate matter (PM), sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and NO₂.⁸ When these limits are exceeded, as in the case of Spain’s NO₂ levels, Member States must implement air quality plans which set measures to reduce the levels as quickly as possible.

However, in terms of annual mean concentrations of PM2.5, Madrid’s air pollution has stayed close to the WHO target of 10 µg/m³ for the previous three years. In 2019, Madrid recorded average PM2.5 levels of 9.2 µg/m³, making Madrid’s air quality the 42nd most polluted in Spain. In 2018, Madrid averaged 10 µg/m³, while in 2017 the average was 9.2 µg/m³. The reports came out worse for Valencia air quality and Toledo air pollution during 2019—though smaller cities than the Spanish capital, Valencia averaged annual concentrations of 13.3 µg/m³ and Toledo 12.1 µg/m³.

The Madrid air quality index records lower pollutant concentrations than many other global capitals. According to IQAir’s 2019 World Air Quality Report, Madrid ranked as the 75th most polluted regional capital city, out of 85 measured global capitals. Compared to other European capitals, Madrid also performed better. Annual PM2.5 levels in Athens averaged 22.3 µg/m³ in 2019 while Rome air quality averaged 12.9 µg/m³.

Despite maintaining average annual PM2.5 levels just below the WHO’s recommended target, NO₂ concentrations remain a serious problem for Madrid. As the transport hub of Spain and centre of economic activity, the city has recorded the highest level of NO₂ throughout the country.⁹

What is Madrid doing about pollution?

As the first Spanish city to restrict traffic due to air pollution, Madrid has taken notable steps to reduce the impact of pollution on inhabitants’ health.¹⁰ Following the traffic-control measures, Madrid City Council launched a programme called Air Quality and Climate Change (Plan A) in 2017. Plan A outlines four areas of action for improved urban air quality:¹¹

• Sustainable mobility: Reduce the intensity of private vehicle traffic. After 2025, no Class A vehicles (petrol cars produced before 2000 and disesel cars produced before 2006) will be able to circulate in Madrid;
• Urban regeneration: Energy efficiency actions including the promotion of renewable energy and measures to reduce emissions from residential, commercial and industrial sectors;
• Climate change adaptation: Nature-based solutions to combat climate change impacts in the urban environment;
• Awareness-raising and communication: Raising citizen awareness about the impacts of air pollution on health and climate change.

Plan A also outlines targets for 2020 and 2030. Target one aims to achieve the recommended concentrations set by the WHO for PM2.5 and NO₂ by 2020. In 2019, only two monitoring stations recorded average annual NO₂ concentrations above the WHO target of 40 µg/m³, the best result for several years, but the city failed to meet the average annual PM2.5 target.⁵ Target two aims to implement a low-emission urban model by 2030, reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 40% compared to 1990 levels. Beyond traffic congestion measures, Plan A also addresses the continued use of coal boilers, a potent source of nitrous oxides. All coal boilers will be prohibited and diesel boiler numbers halved by 2022.¹²

Madrid already has an alert system in place for when NO₂ concentrations reach extreme levels. If concentrations in any metropolitan zone exceed 400 µg/m³ for three consecutive hours, only “Zero Emission” or “ECO” vehicles are allowed to circulate.¹³

Has air pollution improved in Madrid?

A study of air pollutants in Madrid from 2000-2009 records average PM2.5 concentrations of 17.1 µg/m³ and NO₂ concentrations of 59.4 µg/m³ during the period.¹⁴ Gradually, Madrid’s air pollution has improved from these historic levels. Average annual NO₂ levels decreased by 37% over the period 1996-2011 and average annual PM2.5 levels have been recorded below 10 µg/m³ from 2016-2019.¹⁵

An important barrier remains in the implementation of the vehicle restriction measures throughout the city. In 2018 the mayor of Madrid, José Luis Martínez-Almeida, briefly suspended fines for vehicles who violated the restrictions on driving in central Madrid.¹⁶ Though the fines were later reinstated, political pressures may cause municipal leaders to reduce enforcement of the tough new transportation restrictions under Plan A.

What is the EU doing about air pollution?

Since 2005, the EU has set standards that are designed to reduce the impacts of air pollution throughout Member Countries. These unified standards provide the framework for Spain’s air quality management alongside its neighbours. The European standards for some air pollutants are notably less stringent than some other authorities and governments: for example, while the EU’s annual average target for PM2.5 concentrations is 25 µg/m³, the WHO sets a lower standard at 10 µg/m³, and the United States of America sets a standard at 12 µg/m³.

However, the EU is driving for improvements. The Clean Air for Europe programme launched by the European Commission in 2013 aims to move air pollution levels closer to WHO guidelines by 2030.¹⁷ By 2030, the EU also intends to reduce the number of premature deaths across Member Countries by half compared to 2005.

+ Article resources

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[17] European Commission. “Cleaner air for all”. European Commission website, n.d.