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2017-2023
World's most polluted cities
Most polluted city ranking based on annual average PM2.5 concentration (μg/m³)
2023
World Air Quality Report
PM2.5 legend
0-5
Meets WHO guideline
5.1-10
Exceeds by 1 to 2 times
10.1-15
Exceeds by 2 to 3 times
15.1-25
Exceeds by 3 to 5 times
25.1-35
Exceeds by 5 to 7 times
35.1-50
Exceeds by 7 to 10 times
>50.1
Exceeds by over 10 times
Rank | City | 2023 | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  The Hague, Netherlands | 13.8 | 12.4 | 26.7 | 11.1 | 13.9 | 14 | 14.6 | 13.1 | 10.7 | 16.8 | 12.9 | 9.2 | 11.3 | 7.3 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 2 | Mijnsheerenland, Netherlands | 12.4 | 13.7 | 21.4 | 10.1 | 13.5 | -- | -- | 6.2 | 7.5 | 13.6 | 10.4 | 8.9 | 14.1 | 12.9 | 14.4 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 3 | Capelle aan den IJssel, Netherlands | 11.6 | 13.7 | 20.4 | 10.8 | 14 | 13.2 | 9.8 | 5.6 | 6.2 | 12.2 | 10 | 8 | 13.2 | 12.7 | 13.4 | 11.3 | -- | -- | -- |
| 4 | Berkel en Rodenrijs, Netherlands | 10.5 | 9.3 | 13.1 | 9.2 | 11.7 | 12 | 12.1 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 17.9 | 10.5 | 7.8 | 9.7 | 13.5 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 5 | Velsen-Noord, Netherlands | 10 | 10.4 | 15.8 | 8.6 | 9.6 | 9.5 | 8.2 | 7.4 | 5.5 | 11.2 | 9.9 | 10.9 | 13.6 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 6 | Hoek van Holland, Netherlands | 9.1 | 9.4 | 15.6 | 7.9 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 9.2 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 11.4 | 8.3 | 6.2 | 9.8 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 7 | Rotterdam, Netherlands | 8.8 | 9.8 | 15.3 | 7.5 | 10.1 | 9.9 | 8.6 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 11 | 7.6 | 6.3 | 9.6 | 10.7 | 9.9 | 9.5 | 11.2 | 12.1 | 11.2 |
| 8 | Ridderkerk, Netherlands | 8.7 | 9.4 | 14.9 | 7.4 | 10.1 | 10 | 8.7 | 5 | 5.3 | 10.4 | 7.7 | 6.2 | 9.7 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10 | 11 | 12.7 | 13 |
| 9 | Schiedam, Netherlands | 8.7 | 9.5 | 15.6 | 7.7 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 8.7 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 10.4 | 7.5 | 6.1 | 9.7 | 10.9 | 10.8 | 10.6 | 11.1 | 12.3 | 12.5 |
| 10 | Hoogvliet, Netherlands | 8.6 | 9.1 | 14.7 | 7.3 | 10.3 | 10.1 | 8.6 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 10.1 | 7.5 | 6 | 9.5 | 10 | 9.8 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 11 | Maassluis, Netherlands | 8.4 | 8.7 | 14.8 | 7 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 8.7 | 5 | 4.8 | 11 | 7.2 | 5.5 | 8.9 | 10.3 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 11.8 | 14 | 11.4 |
| 12 | Noordwijk, Netherlands | 7.7 | 8.7 | 12.4 | 7.9 | 10.8 | 8.6 | 8.2 | 4.9 | 4.4 | 8.1 | 5.2 | 5 | 7.3 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| 13 | Den Haag, Netherlands | 7.3 | 8.2 | 14 | 6.8 | 9.1 | 7.1 | 4.8 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 8.6 | 6.7 | 5.8 | 7.2 | 9.3 | 8 | 8.5 | 9.9 | 10.1 | 9.8 |
| 14 | Vlaardingen, Netherlands | 7.1 | 7.2 | 11.8 | 5.8 | 9.1 | 8.5 | 5.5 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 8.8 | 5.4 | 5.3 | 8.9 | 11.4 | 10.4 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
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