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Minyak the Orangutan
Particle scanners are a tool commonly used in the indoor air quality industry. They give a quantitative and accurate
measurement of airborne particle concentrations in normal and polluted indoor and outdoor environments. Advanced
laser particle counters have a wide range of applications. They are used in
cleanrooms to verify particle levels, to test HEPA and ULPA filters for efficiency and leakage, and they are used to inspect
HVAC equipment and ducting. We can now add a new use to this versatile tool – it can help find the source of air
pollution. This case study's specific application was to track down the source of an orangutan's air quality issue.
Introduction
The orangutan I am speaking of is named Minyak. He is a 23 year old male purebred Borneo, 365 pound orangutan. Purebred
Borneo males like Minyak are rare and considered very valuable to those who are working to preserve the orangutan species.
Minyak was born at Yerkes National Primate Research Center in Atlanta, Georgia. It has in the past housed more than 3,500
gorillas, great apes, orangutans, chimpanzees, and other primates at one time on its vast campus. When Yerkes shifted its
research away from the large primates, the research programs that used them were shut down and the animals were placed in
zoos and sanctuaries around the country, all except for Minyak. Minyak sat in solitary confinement for more than two years
while his keepers looked for a new home for him. Minyak was something of a hard luck case. He had developed tonsillitis when
he was only two years old. The living conditions of a research animal are often not the best. Some develop a condition called
airsacculitis, an infection of the air sac on the base of the neck that great apes use to bellow. Minyak's airsacculitis
became a chronic condition, and then he developed chronic pneumonia. He was often so sick he would just sit in his cage and
not move. The long term illnesses gave him depression. One veterinarian who worked at Yerkes suggested Minyak be euthanized.
She thought no zoo would ever take the sick animal, and even though he was very valuable as a purebred orangutan for potential
breeding – she didn't think his health would ever recover enough that he could breed. Minyak's plight came to the attention
of Jennie McNary, Curator of Mammals at the Los Angeles Zoo. Jennie McNary urged her zoo to take in the potentially burdensome
orangutan with the long list of health problems. She felt that the warm dry sunny Southern California climate would be good for
Minyak. She also knew that if Minyak's health could be recovered he could mate with her zoo's three Borneo females.I received a
phone call from Dr. Leah Greer at the zoo. Dr. Greer was the head veterinarian working with Minyak. She knew that my company
specialized in medical grade air cleaning systems. She had an unusual request – could we build an air cleaning system for Minyak?
I needed to see the facility and understand their air quality goals.
Diagnostic Procedure
The first thing I did when I got to the zoo was to take ParticleScan measurements.
I was going to need to quantify Minyak's
air quality. Dr. Greer met me at the zoo security station. As we drove up to the area where they housed the orangutans, she detailed
for me the work they had done with Minyak. She had put him on antidepressants to help him get over his years in solitary confinement.
She was treating his infections aggressively with a nebulizer and antibiotics, and she had led a team of surgeons on an innovative
procedure to remove Minyak's infected air sac. She told me Minyak had recovered well at the hospital after his surgery but had begun
to go downhill after being moved to live at the Orangutan Habitat. This gave me a hunch – something must have changed in Minyak's air
quality between when he was at the hospital and when he was moved to the Orangutan Habitat.The Orangutan Habitat itself was an
impressive building. It was a large and spacious concrete structure. There was an outdoor play area and indoor bedrooms spoke to Dr.
Greer about installing an air cleaning system into Minyak's bedroom. The room offered
enough enclosure that with a few high output
systems pumping in fresh filtered air we could create a positive pressurized environment for Minyak. We could put Plexiglas over the
windows and openings so he could still see out and his keepers could see in.The first thing I needed to do, though, was an air quality
diagnostic on Minyak's indoor environment. The normal steps I would take for an air quality inspection would be:
- Get 6 outdoor air quality readings. (The outdoor reading was very good for Los Angeles. The average particles
per cubic foot was 950,000 (0.3 microns or larger). This was within normal range for Los Angeles outdoors. A bad day would be in
range of 3 million.)
- Get 6 air intake readings. (I measured the air quality readings for the air that the HVAC system takes in to be
redistributed throughout the facility. It was about 950,000.)
- Get 6 room readings. (standing in 6 different locations in the room). Average the readings. (It was when I went
to take the room readings indoors that the ParticleScan count began to concern me. In
Minyak's bedroom the average of six readings
was 10 million. This was more than three times worse than a smoggy day. I was surprised by the reading as well because the indoor air
didn't seem bad to me. If it wasn't for the ParticleScan reading I wouldn't have known
that it was unhealthy air.)
- Get 6 supply vent readings. (I stood directly under the supply vent to begin my first of six readings. I watched
as the ParticleScan reading climbed immediately to 12 million as I held the inflow tube
directly to the source of the vent. The
reading was higher at the vent than in the room. I knew right away what was wrong. There was a problem with the HVAC system. Most
likely it was exposed fiberglass. Every time it turned on the invisible dust was blowing into Minyak's bedroom. This was what was
making him sicker.)
An additional factor was the ozone water purification system located within 20 feet of the facility. I tested the ozone levels in Minyak's
bedroom. They were slightly higher than normal due to the ozone created by the system. This was another factor that contributed to Minyak's
illness. Ozone creates a myriad of ultra-fine aerosols and volatile chemicals. Remediation I went straight back to our office and called an
air duct cleaning company. We scheduled to get them there the next day. We needed them to:
- Encapsulate the fiberglass insulation in the HVAC system and
- clean the metal ducts.
The company sent a full crew to get the work done as quickly as possible for the zoo. I took
ParticleScan readings before and after their
work was finished. The readings were now normal. What was coming out of the ducts was actually a little lower than the outdoor air reading.
The newly changed electrostatic filters were removing a small percentage of the particulate matter in the air. We were able to start installing
Minyak's air cleaning system the very next day. This system was designed to provide positively pressured filtered air to Minyak to combat the
ultra-fine particles and chemical soup that the ozone created. Minyak's air cleaning system was a unique design. It worked around the interesting
obstacles that cleaning the air for an orangutan presented, such as making sure there were no exposed nuts or bolts his powerful fingers could
play with, and no parts an inquisitive primate could disassemble. Most importantly – it worked. We turned on the system to test the design
and left a ParticleScan scan running in Minyak's room. Within an hour the particle level was already
down 85%. Minyak was on his way to a healthier indoor environment.The big test, though, was going to be the long haul. Was purified air going
to help the orangutan with lung problems?
Observed Results
Dr. Greer emailed me after the system had been in place for about two months. Minyak was doing so well she had already been able to take him
off of one of his medications, and she thought she would soon be able to take him off his other medications. Minyak's health was recovering
wonderfully. The best news of all, though, came in a letter just this week from one of Minyak's keepers. They had introduced a female orangutan,
Klima, to Minyak and he and his new girlfriend were getting along very well. Minyak was healthy enough now to have a companion, and his years
of loneliness and isolation were over. The keeper's letter noted that Minyak and Klima had been observed in "breeding behavior." I'm not fully
sure what "breeding behavior" is a euphemism for, but I think we may be seeing a new baby orangutan at the Los Angeles Zoo in the near future.
Minyak's strength and energy are obviously recovering.
Discussion and Conclusion
There are many aspects of this tale that are an amazing testimonial to the kindness and compassion that the zoo staff brought forth to make
Minyak's life better. The thing that astounds me the most, though, is the role that the ParticleScan played in all this. Minyak's sensitive lungs
were being assaulted by something invisible – the dust from the exposed fiberglass. HVAC systems with unencapulated fiberglass are common around
the world and many people are breathing bad air every day because of them. In this case, though, the invisible was able to be seen, even when the
person using the device couldn't perceive the problem with the naked eye. It told us there was a problem. It told us the air was bad. It told us
where the bad air was coming from. It told us what we needed to do to help Minyak.
Acknowledgements
The author gratefully acknowledges the Los Angeles Zoo for their care and dedication in improving the life of Minyak.
References
May, Jeffrey. My House is Killing Me! The Home Guide for Families with Allergies and Asthma. University Press, 2001.Sarwar, Golam; Corsi, Richard;
Allen, David; Weschler, Charles. 2003 The Significance of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation and Growth in Buildings: Experimental and Computational
Evidence. Atmospheric Environment, vol. 37 (9-10): 1365-1381Wolkoff P; Clausen PA; Wilkins CK; Nielsen GD. Formation of Strong Airway Irritants in
Terpene/Ozone Mixtures. Indoor Air; 2000 June, Vol. 10, Issue 2, Page 82.Glory Dolphin, CIE, is CEO of IQAir North America. She has been involved in
the development of affordable customized air cleaning solutions for residential, medical and commercial applications for nearly 10 years. After
graduating with a Bachelors of Science in Business Administration from the University of Southern California she went to work with the Switzerland
based IQAir Group. Recently she successfully partnered IQAir North America with the American Lung Association. She can be reached by email at
gdolphin@iqair.com or by phone at (562) 903-7600.
"This article originally appears in Volume 5, Issue 8 (June 2004) of Indoor Environment Connections newspaper and is reprinted
with permission. For subscription information, visit www.ieconnections.com."
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